ISLAMIC SHARIAH WHO IS AFRAID, A CASE STUDY IN ACEH

Posted on 13 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

A man convicted of same-sex relations receives a caning punishment in Banda Aceh, on May 23, 2017. Approximately 1,000 people witnessed the legal process of the whip. REUTERS

ISLAMIC SHARIAH WHO IS AFRAID, A CASE STUDY IN ACEH

In 2005. An article in the International Herald Tribune entitled Islamizing Indonesia by Michael Vatiokis, former editor-in-chief of Far Eastern Asia Magazine, contains a global fear of spreading Islamic militancy and is increasingly palpable when the Indonesian Ulema Council has issued fatwas prohibiting mixed marriages, religious pluralism, and interfaith prayers.

On Tuesday, May 23, 2017. Two men a pair of gay at the whip in the yard of Lamgugob Mosque, District Syiah Kuala. They are convicted of sexual misconduct. They were caned 83 times. The sentence is reduced 2 times or two months of detention, according to the judge’s verdict.

The international world was shocked. “Whip and criminalization of same-sex relations are a striking violation of international human rights law,” said Amnesty International Deputy Director for Southeast Asia and the Pacific Josef Benedict.

“The international community should put pressure on Indonesia to create a safer environment for the gay community before the situation gets worse. No one should be punished for having sex on the basis of likes,” he added.

VOA Indonesia added that Homosexuality is not illegal in Indonesia, but Aceh, the most conservative province in the predominantly Muslim country, introduced anti-homosexual laws in 2014.

There is a lot of international writing and condemnation which contains complaints about the “gradual process of Islamization in Indonesia”. This article clearly informs us clearly how the international world is afraid of the possibility of sharia in Indonesia.

In Indonesia, Islamic Shari’a issues have existed since the formation of this State, the abolition of seven words in the Jakarta Charter is the beginning of a series of other events that follow behind such days; Great debate in constituent assembly between Masyumi-led Islamist camp, NU and PSII with Nationalist and Christian’s camps backed by PNI, PKI, IPKI, Partindo, and Catholic Party; The ratification of the Marriage Bill of 1973 also faced a tough trial in the DPR to finally become Law No. 1 of 1974; And attempts to legalize abortion color the history of the country’s journey.

In the local context, how is the fate of Islamic law enforcement in the province of Aceh which is actually a Pilot Project of Islamic law enforcement in Indonesia? However, Islamic Shari’ah is welcomed by Aceh society, because Aceh’s past glory is achieved with Islam, and hope the future of Aceh is also better with the enactment of Islamic law.

However, it is not fair that the Shari’a of Islam in Aceh is the barometer of the success of Islamic Shariah in Indonesia. This is based on Aceh has not fully run in many areas in Aceh itself.

The implementation of Islamic law in Aceh was not evenly and many people’s dissatisfied with the technical implementation, whereas most Aceh people put a very big hope on the implementation of Islamic Shari’a. However, the positive impact of the implementation of Islamic law in Aceh also began to appear gradually starting from the obligation of women to wear headscarves if they want to be home, the closing of shops before the Friday prayers, and the decrease of actions that violate the Shari’a itself and more.

Is the implementation of Islamic law in Aceh running smoothly without a hitch? Of course, there’s still a lot of homework to do right away like there’s still little ability to touch things that are substantial and just touch the trivia. Islamic Shari’ah is not just a raid?

On Friday, during the Friday prayer, Khatib said that the current Shariah Islam in Aceh faces many obstacles, but it should not be seen as a problem but look at it as an opportunity or opportunity to improve and establish itself in the Islamic Shari’a. The question will be? Hopefully, only to God, we hope full and whole.

Translate from SYARIAT ISLAM SIAPA TAKUT

XXX

About Aceh:
  1. CUMBOK WAR, A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IN ACEH (1946-1947); 8 April 2017;
  2. CIVILIZATION WITHOUT WRITING; 13 April 2017;
  3. ACEH THE FIRST SOVEREIGN COUNTRY TO RECOGNIZING THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE NETHERLANDS; 27 April 2017;
  4. VISITING THE EXHIBITION ACEH TOMBSTONE AS AN ISLAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA; 16 May 2017;
  5. DUTCH RAID OPERATION AGAINST CUT MEUTIA (1910); 20 May 2017;
  6. SAMUDERA PASAI AS THE FIRST ISLAMIC KINGDOM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA; 6 June 2017;
  7. ACEH WOMEN FULL POWER; 13 June 2017;
  8. DUSK IN MALACCA; 4 July 2017;
  9. GOLD, INFIDELS, AND DEATH; 10 July 2017;
  10. MANTE THE LOST PYGMY TRIBE; 13 July 2017;
  11. HOW TO TELL HISTORY; 14 August 2017;
  12. THE ORIGIN OF THE COFFEE CULTURE IN ACEH; 19 August 2017;
  13. THE UNTOLD STORY ABOUT HISTORY OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDONESIA IN ACEH PROVINCE; 28 September 2017;
  14. WHEN CRITICISM IS FORBIDDEN; 14 October 2017;
  15. EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES, WHAT IS IT GOOD FOR ACEH; 5 November 2017;
Posted in International, Literature, Opinion, Reportase, Story | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 37 Comments

GATE WITHOUT GATE, THE MILITARY STRATEGY OF IEYASU TOKUGAWA

Posted on 10 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

Empty Palace

GATE WITHOUT GATE, THE MILITARY STRATEGY OF IEYASU TOKUGAWA

By the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Ashikaga shogunate collapsed, the Japanese resembled a giant battlefield. Warlords fight to overpower, but out of their midst three great figures appear, as meteors pass through the night sky. The three men were equally aspiring to master and unite Japan, but their attributes struck one another: Nobunaga, rash, firm, brutal; Hideyoshi, simple, smooth, clever, complex; Ieyasu, calm, patient-minded. Their different philosophies had always been immortalized by the Japanese in a poem.

What if a bird does not want to sing?

Nobunaga replied, “Kill it!”

Hideyoshi replied, “Make the bird want to sing.”

Ieyasu replied, “Wait.”

This story is the story of a man who “waits for” birds chirping.

X

Tokugawa Ieyasu
徳川家康

Ieyasu is now thirty years old and in its heyday. His province was filled with the hope of prosperity and the desire to expand the region, so great that the followers, both old and young, the peasants, and the townspeople were very excited. Mikawa (Ieyasu Tokugawa Province) may not be a match for Kai (Takeda Shingen Province) in terms of wealth but in terms of determination, the province is not in the slightest.

Shingen “The Legs Long” yesterday still fought against the Uesugi clan of Echigo provincial ruler on the northern border of Kai, today he threatens Mikawa. When Kai and Echigo’s borders are covered with snow, his 30,000-strong force is urged to immediately embody his dream of entering the capital. The easiest way is to grind Mikawa.

As threats drew closer. The Tokugawa ally, the head of the Oda family sent a letter to Ieyasu:

“It would be better if you did not have a frontal confrontation with Kai’s army. I hope you are still strong if the situation is critical and you are forced to withdraw from Hamamatsu to Okazaki. Even if we have to wait another day, I’m sure the day will not be long.”

Ieyasu replied, “before leaving Hamamatsu fort, we better break our bow and get out of the samurai group!” Receiving Oda Nobunaga’s courier response and Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s advisory muttering about Ieyasu’s stubbornness. One of the three unknowable friends. In the view of Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, Ieyasu province is a line of defense territory. He can be retaken in the future, or adventure trying to reach new territory. But for Ieyasu, Mikawa is home. Home matters are a matter of the heart, and the heart, especially Ieyasu’s heart, can not be changed as easily as the cloth re-coloring. Ieyasu challenged! Despite the disagreed alliance, Ieyasu does not expect help, no compassion even by a companion!

Ieyasu continued his preparations and set out for the battlefield, without back-line support. “Sometimes I feel too hard on myself, to get rid of guilt for what I do. And this is the saddest of this story.” Ieyasu thought.

One by one, as a comb is broken, reports of defeat come. The Shingen had attacked Totomi, while at the same time the fortresses in Tadaki and Lida had no choice but to surrender, at the forefront of the battle, there was not a piece of land that the Kai troops did not trample on. Things got worse, when Ieyasu’s Heihachiro Honda troop was caught by enemies around the Senryu River, the Tokugawa troops suffered a total defeat and forcibly retreated to Hamamatsu. Reports that make everyone pale in the castle, but not Tokugawa. In the wake of misfortune and suffering at a young age, he becomes a man who does not exaggerate the trivial defeat, (even) assumes it is nothing.

Ieyasu led troops out of Hamamatsu fortress, advanced up to Kanmashi village on the banks of the Tenryu River, and found Kai’s troop camp. Each position corresponds to Shingen’s headquarters, as the fingers surround the nap. Ieyasu stood on the hill with his arms folded and let out a sigh of admiration. Even from the distance, the banners at Shingen’s main camp were clearly visible, the famous words of Sun Tzu’s utterance, known to friends and foes.

“Fast as the wind, the silence of a forest, as passionate as fire, silent as a mountain”

Silent as a mountain, neither Shingen nor Ieyasu took action for several days. With the Tenryu River between the camps, the winter of the twelfth month is getting colder.

XX

Ieyasu is not a mild opponent, though he intends to show it so. But in the ensuing battle, all the forces of the Takeda clan will encounter all the Tokugawa clan forces, and they pound each other in a decisive battle throughout the war. The shadow of the battle actually spurred the morale of the Kai people, as they did. Shingen ordered his son, Katsuyori to move their troops against Futamata Castle (across the river Tenryu) with a firm order not to waste time. Ieyasu himself oversaw the rearguard, but Takeda’s ever-changing army of formations again formed a new arrangement and began to push from all sides. It seems that once Ieyasu took the wrong step, he was cut off from his Hamamatsu headquarters.

One of the Takeda warriors raised an insult, and the Tokugawa army was defeated and raging. Futurama Citadel crashed, and Tokugawa troops led by Honda Heihachiro retreated. Thereafter Shingen’s main army crossed the Litani plain and began to enter the eastern part of Mikawa.

“To Litani!” Thus the order of commands led to differences of opinion.

Takeda Shingen

Shingen generals. Some feel anxious that Oda forces have arrived at Hamamatsu, and no one knows their number. Shingen sat among the Generals. His eyes closed, he nodded when he heard the opinions of his men, then said cautiously, “all your words make sense. But I’m sure the reinforcements of the Oda clan will not be greater than four thousand. Even if most of Oda’s troops headed for Hamamatsu, the Asai and Asakura people I had contacted earlier would attack Nobunaga from behind. In addition, the Shogun in Kyoto sent a message to the monk-warrior, urging them to immediately take up arms. The Oda people are not a threat to us.”

He paused, then proceeded calmly, “From the beginning, my desire was to enter Kyoto. But if I pass Ieyasu away now, when we turn to Gifu, Ieyasu will help the people of Oda by blocking us behind us. Would not it be best if Ieyasu was destroyed in Hamamatsu fortress before the Oda people could send enough reinforcements?”

At night, reports about the turn of Kai’s army reach the Hamamatsu fortress. Just as Shingen predicted, there were only three thousand people under Takigawa Kazumasu and Sakuma Nobumori reinforcements from Nobunaga. “The number is meaningless,” disappointed comments by the Tokugawa Generals, Ieyasu shows no joy or dissatisfaction, as report after report arrives, a war meeting begins. Not a few General Ieyasu advocated temporarily retreating to Okazaki, and they had the support of Oda’s commanders.

Only Ieyasu is unmoved, and stubbornly hard to fight. “Do we retreat without releasing an arrow while the enemy insulted my province?” Ieyasu understood enough that he could not rely on allies altogether, he could only risk his fate on his own strength, not others.

XXX

In the Hamamatsu area, there is land higher than the surrounding area, more than two miles wide, three miles long-Mitagahara. At dawn Ieyasu’s troops leave Hamamatsu and take the position to the north, a steep cliff. There they are waiting for Takeda’s troops.

The Tokugawa forces form a wing formation of cranes, at first glance they look like big troops, but in reality, the second and third lines have no power. Ieyasu was escorted by a handful of soldiers who barely meant anything. Their regiment looks chaotic, plus clearly visible reinforcements Oda did not want to fight. Opponents know it! Shingen’s voice thundered, unmoved by Tokugawa’s bluff forming a fish-like formation, and moving forward toward the Tokugawa army, accompanied by a war drum.

Ieyasu was amazed to see the Shingen troop movement, and how the troops reacted to every word given, pinched in his condition, “if I had reached the age of as old as Shingen, I wished to be able to move a large army as skilled as he once was. After seeing his talent as a troop leader, I was reluctant to see him killed, even though someone offered to poison him.”

War in 16th century Japan

Dust flown by enemies and their people reaches the sky. Only the sun’s reflections at the ends of the spears are visible. Mikawa and Kai’s armies have advanced, facing each other. Fighting broke out and chaos. Within minutes alone Sakai Tadatsugu’s defense line was destroyed by Kai’s forces. Proudly Kai’s troops released the triumphant shouts. Ieyasu stood on a hill, watching his troops. We lose, he realizes a crushing defeat.

“Sakuma Nobumori from the Oda clan is rolled out. Takigawa Kazumazu was forced to retreat, and Hirate Kazumasa was wounded. Stay Sakai Tadatsugu who still fought valiantly. Takeda Katsuyori combines his forces with the Yamagata corps and surrounds our left wing. Ishikawa Kazumasa was injured and Nakane Masateru and Aoki Hirotsugu were killed. Matsudaira Yasuzumi spurred his horse into the midst of the enemy and met his death there. Honda Tadamasa and Naruse Masayoshi forces targeted Shingen followers and successfully penetrated deep into enemy lines. But then they were surrounded by several thousand soldiers, and none of them returned alive.”

Suddenly Tadahiro grabbed Ieyasu’s arm, and with the help of the other generals, raised him on the horse. “Get out of here,” after Ieyasu sat in the saddle and the horse ran away, Tadahiro and the other followers on their horses, then followed their lord. The snow began to fall, making it difficult for the troops to retreat. Kai troops aimed at escaping enemy soldiers, firing a shot amid the falling snow. Like a tidal wave, the Tokugawa forces retreated to the North. But because they lost their way, their victims fell back. Eventually, everyone began to push in one direction, to the South.

Ieyasu, who had just escaped the danger of looking back, suddenly stopped the horse. “Fling the banner. Raise the banners and gather people,” he ordered. The night began to close, and the snow was heavier. The Ieyasu followers crowded around him and rang the trumpet. Waving, slowly the defeated soldiers began to gather.

But the corps under Baba Nobufusa and Obata Kazusa from Kai knew the main enemy troops were there, then pushed with arrows on one side and shotgun on the other. They were about to cut off Ieyasu’s retreat.

“This place is dangerous, my lord. You should retreat immediately, “Mizuno Sakon urges Ieyasu, then turns to the people, he orders,” protect the noble, I will attack the enemy. Anyone who wants to sacrifice life for the noble, follow me.”

Sakon immediately hit the enemy, without turning around. About thirty soldiers followed, spurring their horses to challenge death. Almost instantly the lament, the shouts, the clash of swords and spears mixed with the roar of the wind that blew snow, formed a gigantic vortex.

“Sakon can not die!” Ieyasu shouted. His attitude was unusual. The followers tried to prevent him and grabbed his horse’s bridle, but he shook off them and as they rose, Ieyasu had plunged into the center of the vortex. His appearance resembles a demon.

XXXX

Bearing the burden of defeat, Ieyasu’s troops marched and returned to the snow-covered city of the fort. One rider entered, one after another, then the next and Ieyasu’s own eighth man. When their Lord has seen the troops inside the castle jumped up and down for joy.

Tokugawa flag

Ieyasu’s blood stuck to his cheek, and his hair was disheveled. He ordered the ladies to prepare the food, after the food was presented he immediately grabbed the chopsticks but did not immediately eat instead said, “Open all doors to the porch.” After the room opened, vaguely visible figures of soldiers who were unwilling to be at the porch, so Ieyasu finished He ordered Amano Yasukage and Uemura Masakatsu to get ready for the enemy’s attack. The other commanders started the main gate until the main door into the living room, Ieyasu’s mind branched off. He lacks experience with Shingen, as well as strength. Usually, he overcame his limitations by making a conspiracy. And Shingen is a mature general, will not work.

On the verge of Ieyasu’s death remembering that since I was five years old, Ieyasu lived with the Oda clan, then with the Imagawa people, moved in exile in the enemy provinces. As a hostage, he had never known freedom at that time. The eyes, ears, and soul of the hostage are closed, and if he does not work alone, there is nothing to reprove or encourage him. Nevertheless, or precisely because of being confined since childhood, Ieyasu became very ambitious. He does not understand the feelings of affection that people often talk about. She tries to find her feelings of empathy, and only finds that feeling not just a bit, but really thin. When Oda Nobunaga defeated Yoshimoto Imagawa, he felt the moment had come. Breakaway from Imagawa and fellowship with Oda, today Takeda Shingen is coming, he can not afford to flee again, not wanting him to repeat the bitter journey of life and suffering as before. But how? “If I do not get what I want, then I’d better not have anything.”

Ieyasu came out, the commanders thought with a tense voice trying to calm Ieyasu and encourage him. He understood and nodded vigorously. But when they were about to hurry back to their posts, he called them, “Let every door from the main gate to the sitting room open.”

What kind of reckless strategy is this? The command is contrary to the most basic principles of defense, the iron doors at all gates have been closed tightly. Enemy troops have approached the fortress city, urging forward to destroy them. Ieyasu added with a laugh, “and I do not just want the gate of the castle to be opened. I want five or six fires to be lit in front of the gate. In addition, the fire also must be blazed inside the wall. But make sure we stay fully alert. Do not sound and watch the enemy’s advance.”

They run the order as Ieyasu wishes. After observing the scene, Ieyasu went back inside.

XXXXX

Shortly thereafter, Kai’s troops under the leadership of Baba Nobufusa and Yamagata Masakage arrived near the sewer, ready to launch the night raid. Yamagata looked astonished. Baba was suspicious and stared at the enemy gate. There, in the distance, he saw the flame of the fire, both inside and outside. And all the gates are wide open. They face a gate without a gate. This situation raises a nagging question.

Yamagata said. “Let’s just kill them. The enemy is so confused, so they do not have time to close the gate.”

“No, wait,” Baba interrupted. “Ieyasu is a man full of tactics, of course, he is waiting for us to attack in haste. All his attention was only on this fort, and he was sure of his victory. He was young, lacking experience, but he was Tokugawa Ieyasu. It is better that we do not act recklessly, so as not to bring disgrace to the Takeda clan and instead become a laughingstock in the future.”

They had pushed so far, but eventually, the two generals withdrew their troops.

Inside the castle Ieyasu’s dream was broken by one of his assistants. He stood up immediately. “I’m not dead!” He exclaimed and jumped happily. Instantly he sends troops to chase the enemy. But, in keeping with their reputation, Yamagata and Baba remain self-controlled amidst the chaos. They staged resistance, lit a fire around Naguri, and ran a number of brilliant maneuvers.

The Tokugawa suffered great losses, but it is not wrong to say that they have shown courage. Not only that, they managed to thwart Shingen’s plans to advance to the capital, and force him to retreat to Kai. Many are victims. Compared to the four hundred casualties on Takeda’s side, the Tokugawa forces lost far more troops. The victims on their side numbered one thousand and eighty souls.

The wise man who cultivates wisdom can drown in it. Having many traces (would) be more vulnerable than those with many weaknesses, scattered traces will be mapped, re-traced. Yet the great trailer might have forgotten what was left behind. Urge so much, but in the end (forced) to withdraw everything. Gate without gate.

XXXXXX

Translated from Istana Kosong

More stories:

  1. THANK YOU FOR REJECTING ME YESTERDAY; 9 August 2008;
  2. DEVIL FACE OF AN ANGEL; 19 November 2010;
  3. THE COURT OF SATAN; 29 November 2010;
  4. HOW TO TURN LEAD INTO GOLD; 3 April 2017;
  5. DIFFERENT NARCISSUS; 7 April 2017;
  6. YUKIMURA SANADA, THE LAST GENERAL; 10 April 2017;
  7. THE LAST WITCH; 10 April 2017;
  8. ALI AND MALENA, A LOVE STORY; 11 April 2017;
  9. TOKUGAWA IEYASU, THE ASURA; 19 April 2017;
  10. BHISHMA’S DEATH; 21 April 2017;
  11. BEHIND THE SCENES MACHIAVELLI WROTE THE PRINCE; 23 April 2017;
  12. SPEECH OF THE BIRDS; 25 April 2017;
  13. THE NOBLE VEIL, ODA NOBUNAGA; 13 May 2017;
  14. LETTER TO LISA; 9 June 2017;
  15. DUSK IN MALACCA; 4 July 2017;
Posted in Fiction, History, International, Story | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 11 Comments

SYARIAT ISLAM SIAPA TAKUT

Posted on 9 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

Seorang pria yang terbukti melakukan hubungan sesama jenis menerima hukuman cambuk di Banda Aceh, 23 Mei 2017. Sekitar 1.000 orang menyaksikan proses hukum cambuk tersebut. REUTERS

SYARIAT ISLAM SIAPA TAKUT

Di Tahun 2005. Sebuah artikel dalam International Herald Tribune berjudul Islamizing Indonesia oleh Michael Vatiokis seorang mantan pemimpin redaksi Majalah Far Eastern Asia berisi ketakutan global mengenai penyebaran militansi Islam dan semakin gamblang ketika Majelis Ulama Indonesia telah menerbitkan fatwa-fatwa yang melarang pernikahan campuran, plurarisme agama dan doa-doa antar umat agama.

Pada hari Selasa 23 Mei 2017. Dua pria sepasang gay di cambuk di halaman Masjid Lamgugob, Kecamatan Syiah Kuala. Mereka di vonis bersalah karena melakukan perbuatan liwath. Mereka dirotan sebanyak 83 kali. Hukuman tersebut dikurangi 2 kali atau dua bulan tahanan, sesuai vonis hakim.

Dunia Internasional pun gaduh. “Hukuman cambuk dan kriminalisasi hubungan seks sesama jenis merupakan pelanggaran mencolok terhadap hukum hak asasi manusia internasional,” kata Deputi Direktur Amnesti Internasional untuk Asia Tenggara dan Pasifik, Josef Benedict.

“Masyarakat internasional harus memberikan tekanan kepada Indonesia agar menciptakan lingkungan yang lebih aman bagi komunitas LGBTI sebelum situasi semakin memburuk. Tidak ada yang harus dihukum karena melakukan hubungan seks atas dasar suka sama suka,” tambahnya.

Voaindonesia menambahkan Homoseksualitas tidak ilegal di Indonesia, namun Aceh, provinsi paling konservatif di negara berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim itu, memperkenalkan undang-undang anti-homoseksualitas pada tahun 2014.

Ada banyak tulisan dan kecaman dari dunia internasional yang berisikan keluhan mengenai terjadinya proses “perlahan-lahan mensyariatkan Indonesia”. Tulisan ini jelas memberikan informasi kepada kita dengan gamblang betapa dunia Internasional ketakutan terhadap kemungkinan terbentuknya syariat Islam di Indonesia.

Didalam negeri, isu-isu syariat Islam sudah ada sejak terbentuknya Negara ini, dihapusnya tujuh kata dalam Piagam Jakarta merupakan awal dari rentetan kejadian lainnya yang mengikuti dibelakang hari seperti ; Perdebatan hebat dalam sidang konstituante antara kubu Islam yang dimotori Masyumi, NU dan PSII dengan kubu Nasionalis dan Kristen yang dibackup PNI, PKI, IPKI, Partindo dan Partai katolik ; Pengesahan RUU Perkawinan tahun 1973 juga menghadapi sidang alot di DPR untuk akhirnya menjadi UU No 1 Tahun 1974 ; dan usaha untuk melegalkan aborsi mewarnai sejarah perjalanan negeri.

Dalam konteks lokal bagaimanakah nasib penegakan syariat Islam di provinsi Aceh yang sesungguhnya merupakan Pilot Project penegakan syariat Islam di Indonesia. Bagaimana pun Syariat Islam disambut gembira oleh masyarakat aceh, karena kejayaan masa lalu Aceh dicapai dengan Islam dan semoga masa depan Aceh juga lebih baik dengan diberlakukannya syariat Islam.

Namun, sungguh tidak adil jika syariat Islam di Aceh dijadikan barometer keberhasilan Syariat islam di Indonesia. Hal ini didasari Aceh belum sepenuhnya berjalan maksimal dibanyak daerah di Aceh sendiri.

Dalam pelaksanaannya syariat Islam di aceh belum merata dan banyak ketidakpuasan masyarakat mengenai tekhnis pelaksanaannya, padahal sebagian besar masyarakat aceh menaruh harapan yang sangat besar terhadap pelaksanaan syariat Islam. Akan tetapi dampak positif dari pelaksanaan syariat Islam di aceh juga mulai tampak sedikit demi sedikit dimulai dari kewajiban kaum perempuan mengenakan jilbab bila hendak keluar rumah, ditutupnya toko-toko menjelang shalat Jumat, menurunnya perbuatan-perbuatan yang melanggar syariat itu sendiri serta banyak lagi.

Apakah pelaksanaan syariat Islam di Aceh berjalan mulus tanpa hambatan? Tentu masih banyak pekerjaan rumah yang harus dilakukan segera seperti masih minimnya kemampuan untuk menyentuh hal-hal yang substansial dan hanya menyentuh hal-hal sepele. Syariat Islam bukan hanya raziakan?

Jumat tadi, sang Khatib mengatakan bahwa syariat Islam yang diberlakukan saat ini di Aceh banyak menghadapi kendala, tapi semua itu janganlah dilihat sebagai masalah akan tetapi lihatlah ini semua sebagai peluang atau kesempatan untuk memperbaiki diri dan memantapkan diri kepada syariat Islam. Yang menjadi pertanyaannya akankah begitu? Semoga saja, hanya kepada Allah S.W.T kita berharap penuh dan seluruh.

Artikel lain tentang sejarah Aceh:

  1. PEREMPUAN ACEH FULL POWER 4 AGUSTUS 2008;
  2. MENYUSURI JEJAK DARA PORTUGIS DI ACEH 6 DESEMBER 2008;
  3. TEUKU UMAR PAHLAWAN 11 FEBRUARI 2011;
  4. FILOSOFI GOB 10 OKTOBER 2011;
  5. KEBENARAN YANG SAMAR 28 FEBRUARI 2013;
  6. GAM CANTOI TIADA 30 MARET 2013;
  7. PERANG CUMBOK SEBUAH REVOLUSI SOSIAL DI ACEH (1946-1947) 18 JUNI 2013;
  8. TSUNAMI 26 DESEMBER 2015;
  9. PERADABAN TANPA TULISAN 25 FEBRUARI 2016;
  10. SURAT TENGKU CHIK DI TIRO KEPADA RESIDEN VAN LANGEN AGAR TERCAPAI PERDAMAIAN DALAM PERANG ACEH MAKA BELANDA HARUS MEMELUK AGAMA ISLAM DI TAHUN 1885 4 NOVEMBER 2016;
  11. PARA PENYEBAR KEBOHONGAN 13 NOVEMBER 2016;
  12. MENGUNJUNGI RUMAH PAHLAWAN NASIONAL CUT MEUTIA 17 APRIL 2017;
  13. SAMUDERA PASAI SEBAGAI TITIK TOLAK ISLAM DI ASIA TENGGARA, SEBUAH UPAYA MELAWAN PSEUDO SEJARAH 24 APRIL 2017;
  14. EMAS, KAFIR DAN MAUT 20 APRIL 2017;
  15. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT POCUT BAREN 5 MEI 2017;
  16. OPERASI PENYERGAPAN BELANDA TERHADAP CUT MEUTIA 7 MEI 2017;
  17. MENGUNJUNGI PAMERAN BATU NISAN ACEH SEBAGAI WARISAN BUDAYA ISLAM DI ASIA TENGGARA 15 MEI 2017;
  18. KESULTANAN ACEH NEGARA BERDAULAT PERTAMA YANG MENGAKUI KEMERDEKAAN REPUBLIK BELANDA DARI KERAJAAN SPANYOL DI TAHUN 1602 18 MEI 2017;
  19. SENJA DI MALAKA 14 JUNI 2017;
  20. KRITIK KEPADA SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA 4 JULI 2017;
  21. HIKAYAT SUKU MANTE 5 JULI 2017;
  22. TEUKU NYAK MAKAM, PAHLAWAN ACEH TANPA KEPALA 30 JULI 2017;
  23. ASAL MUASAL BUDAYA KOPI DI ACEH 1 AGUSTUS 2017;
  24. MUSIBAH TENGGELAMNYA KMP GURITA 6 AGUSTUS 2017;
  25. PERANG ACEH, KISAH KEGAGALAN SNOUCK HURGRONJE 7 AGUSTUS 2017;
  26. ACEH DI MATA KOLONIALIS 8 AGUSTUS 2017;
  27. MELUKIS SEJARAH 10 AGUSTUS 2017;
  28. NASIHAT-NASIHAT C. SNOUCK HURGRONJE SEMASA KEPEGAWAIANNYA KEPADA PEMERINTAH HINDIA BELANDA 1889-1936 14 AGUSTUS 2017;
  29. ACEH SEPANJANG ABAD 16 AGUSTUS 2017;
  30. PERANG DI JALAN ALLAH 30 AGUSTUS 2017;
  31. ACEH DAERAH MODAL 7 SEPTEMBER 2017;
  32. 59 TAHUN ACEH MERDEKA DI BAWAH PEMERINTAHAN RATU 12 SEPTEMBER 2017;
  33. KERAJAAN ACEH PADA JAMAN SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA (1609-1636) 13 SEPTEMBER 2017;
  34. PERISTIWA KEMERDEKAAN DI ACEH 14 SEPTEMBER 2017;
  35. PASAI DALAM PERJALANAN SEJARAH 17 SEPTEMBER 2017;
  36. MATA UANG EMAS KERAJAAN-KERAJAAN DI ACEH 19 SEPTEMBER 2017;
  37. ACEH MENDAKWA 21 SEPTEMBER 2017;
  38. MISI MENCARI MAKAM PARA SULTANAH ACEH 6 OKTOBER 2017;
  39. BERZIARAH KE MAKAM SULTANAH MALIKAH NAHRASYIYAH 8 OKTOBER 2017;
  40. EKSPLOITASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM APAKAH BAGUS UNTUK ACEH 15 OKTOBER 2017;
  41. AROMA MEMIKAT DARI DAPUR ACEH 16 OKTOBER 2017;
  42. TARIKH ACEH DAN NUSANTARA 29 OKTOBER 2017;
  43. PEKUBURAN SERDADU BELANDA PEUCUT KHERKHOF DI BANDA ACEH SEBAGAI SAKSI KEDAHSYATAN PERANG ACEH 11 NOVEMBER 2017;
  44. PEMBERONTAKAN KAUM REPUBLIK KASUS DARUL ISLAM ACEH 17 NOVEMBER 2017;
  45. TUANKU HASYIM WALI NANGGROE YANG DILUPAKAN SEJARAH 19 NOVEMBER 2017;
  46. KOPRS MARSOSE SERDADU PRIBUMI PELAYAN RATU BELANDA 8 DESEMBER 2017;
  47. HIKAYAT-HIKAYAT DARI NEGERI ACEH 16 DESEMBER 2017;
  48. LEGENDA GAJAH PUTIH SEBAGAI ASAL NAMA KABUPATEN BENER MERIAH; 12 JANUARI 2018;
  49. SECANGKIR KOPI DARI ACEH; 22 JANUARI 2018;
  50. ACEH PUNGO (ACEH GILA); 8 FEBRUARI 2018;
  51. SIAPAKAH ORANG ACEH SEBENARNYA; 6 APRIL 2018;
  52. ORANG ACEH DALAM SEJARAH SUMATERA; 15 APRIL 2018;
  53. KETIKA IBNU BATTUTA MELAWAT SAMUDERA PASAI; 16 APRIL 2018;
  54. KISAH HIDUP LAKSAMANA MALAHAYATI; 18 APRIL 2018;
  55. PERANAN LEMBAGA TUHA PEUET DALAM MASYARAKAT ACEH PADA MASA LAMPAU; 5 MEI 2018;
  56. MENYINGKAP MAKNA SYAIR KUTINDHIENG SELAKU MANTRA SIHIR ACEH KUNO; 15 MEI 2018;
  57. SEJARAH KERAJAAN LAMURI; 24 JUNI 2018;
  58. KEBIJAKAN POLITIK ISLAM OLEH SNOUCK HURGRONJE SEBAGAI SARAN KEPADA PEMERINTAH HINDIA BELANDA UNTUK MENGHANCURKAN KEKUATAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA; 25 JUNI 2018;
  59. MASA DEPAN POLITIK DUNIA MELAYU; 28 JULI 2018;
Posted in Cerita, Cuplikan Sejarah, Data dan Fakta, Kisah-Kisah, Kolom, Mari Berpikir, Opini, Pengembangan diri, Reportase, Review | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 130 Comments

BILA AKU PULANG

Posted on 9 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

Pada jalannya, pada bangunannya, pada kerinduan ini
Dan pohon-pohon asam berbaris rapi

Manusia siapapun dia pasti merindukan kembali, tempat darimana ia berasal. Dimana ia diterima dengan tangan terbuka dengan hanya menjadi dirinya sendiri. Pulang memiliki makna yang dalam, kata “pulang” menandakan akhir dari perjalanan. “Setinggi-tingginya burung terbang niscaya (rindu) akan kembali ke sarang”

BILA AKU PULANG

Belum banyak berubah keadaannya

Pada jalannya, pada bangunannya, pada kerinduan ini

Dan pohon-pohon asam berbaris rapi

Bersama arak-arakan sapi menuju saberang

Semua menyatu dalam jalan-jalan kota

Raungan bus serta gemuruh jantung timpa menimpa

 

Hiraukan kemana akar sepi ini bermuara

Seperti belasan kota dan puluhan kampung terlampaui

Lalu celah-celah bayangan indah itu muncul kembali

Seolah-olah terbersit kenangan-kenangan lain

Bahwa semua telah dialami

 

Dan sekarang saatnya menuju perhentian terakhir

Aku berada dipersimpangan masa lalu dan sekarang

Ingin kuhirup udaranya dan membisikkan “Aku pulang”

Sekali lagi kembali seperti dulu, dulu sekali

Untuk sejenak melepas beban kepenatan

 

Banda Aceh, 11 Desember 2007

Diakhir cerita, kepada semuanya selamat kembali pulang…

Posted in Cerita, Puisiku | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 1 Comment

LETTER TO LISA

Posted on 9 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

Tamar Lisa, Countess of Voldigrad, Georgia (1809)

LETTER TO LISA

Suddenly I felt ashamed of my ambitions, in my dreams, in my hopes for myself. Too high my expects for myself. I take a deep breath. Hold my burned body. Trying to withstand heavy loads beyond the highest mountain peaks though. To keep a throne I want to avoid since I can stand up.

My grandmother taught geography. About border boundaries. Bound by mountain, river, sea or culture. About the history of our Principate is toothless. He has been thrown out by the new feudal system created by the White, your nation, in this Russian-Persian War. But some of the Principality in Azerbaijan, including my country Shirvansyah Khanate, is still alive, breathing. Although only limited to tradition.

I do not ask to be born as the Crown Prince. This is the destiny I have to accept with reverence. As I never regretted having fallen in love. Including with you. And funny I never said that.

There is a set of habits that ingrain rooted then he became a tradition. A convention according to the constitutional law forces me to choose, you or the crown. Really, this throne never means to me compared to your smile. I want to run. But I am the only heir, the responsibility of the ancestors has bowed my legs.

You can not be my queen. There are twelve articles of the law saying so. Pursuing you means turning our country apart. I can not. I do not know how you feel, maybe more precisely I never want to know. I’m definitely disappointed in myself. How cruel you say. Spit on me because it’s worth it. Hate me. It is better. My future has been determined and it is not with you.

It was stifling to say goodbye. I can not say I want to. Because “Goodbye” is a sad word that will pierce the shared feeling. But it’s even sadder to go without saying anything! I go!

I do not want to see you again. That will weaken me. As a crown prince, I must be tough as a lion. I’m a masked man. Unconquerable. For you to be a great person in the future. There is no blue-blooded human. All blackish. All blood red. If you still find this paper wet, this is because my drinking water is splashed. Not because of my tears, because a prospective king never cried. We are shaped like steel, I repeat like steel. Like twelve genealogies upward.

I want to reach you, hold you like a chain, I just want to love you. But as soon as I want to reach you, there’s another chain on my shackled leg.

Kara1). January 1, 1809
Signed Prince of Shirvansyah Khanate2), Ahmad III
To Tamar Lisa, Voldigrad3

Index :

Kara1) = the capital of Shirvansyah

Principality of Shirvansyah2) = Located on the Caucasus border of the Persian Empire and the Russian Empire

Voldigrad3) = A city in Tzar-era Russia

Translated from SEPUCUK SURAT UNTUK LISA

Posted in Fiction, History, International, Literature | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 17 Comments

KESADARAN LITERASI

Posted on 8 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

Segala perdebatan hanya akan berakhir sia-sia dan melahirkan manusia keras kepala, jika kita semua tidak bertekad memperbaiki diri.

KESADARAN LITERASI

Sebenarnya ada berapa banyakkah remaja di Indonesia yang tidak sempat menulis? Mungkin beberapa sibuk memenuhi kebutuhan ekonomi mereka, memperoleh makanan atau pendidikan saja mereka harus berjuang. Atau ada juga masih menghabiskan waktu mereka untuk sebanyak-banyaknya untuk membaca sebanyak mungkin, untuk sekedar lulus ujian atau lebih dalam untuk kebahagiaan batin. Banyak pula di antara mereka mencoba menulis di media sosial, sekedar pengungkapan ekspresi, pendapat atau pemikiran mereka. Salahkah? Mungkin tidak, setiap orang dewasa yang pernah remaja bukankah sebaiknya menyadari, mengingat bahwa mereka pernah melalui itu. Dengan terantuk, jatuh dan bangun kita semua tahu bahwa masa remaja adalah masa paling bergejolak dalam hidup, jika memang hidup sebagai manusia bukan robot.

Waktu itu, jati diri belum menyeluruh terbentuk dengan seluruh. Tapi siapa yang mampu membentuk jati dirinya secara utuh dan menyeluruh sepanjang hidupnya? Abu yang berusia 33 tahun sampai sekarang bahkan (mungkin) belum juga. Hidup adalah tentang mencari, Rasullullah S.A.W bersabda dalam sebuah hadist, “tuntutlah ilmu dari buaian sampai liang lahat.” Akan tetapi masa remaja adalah saat ketika pondasi karakter diletakkan, apa yang kau alami pada masa remaja akan berkembang berbagai bentuk ketika kau dewasa.

Orang-orang dewasa. Mungkin kini banyak orang-orang dewasa yang semasa remaja belum banyak membaca, tapi sekarang suka membaca status/twit dari media sosial atau bahkan blog maupun website lalu menganggapnya sebagai ilmu. Praktis orang-orang membaca dari penulis-penulis media sosial, dan dengan cepat mengaguminya atau malah memilih menghakimi.

Contoh paling dekat dan sedang popular adalah dek Afi. Perlu kita semua orang dewasa pahami dia bukanlah robot yang terbuat dari besi. Besi itu kuat, tapi hanya berisi udara semata oleh karena itu ia mudah dilumerkan. Dek Afi adalah manusia yang lembut, tapi manusia itu memiliki semangat dan keinginan yang lebih kuat dari besi. Ia tak akan mudah dihancurkan atau dilumerkan. Akan tetapi ada dua cara untuk “membesikan” Dek Afi. Pertama ciptakan pengalaman menyakitkan yang tak terlupakan pada dirinya. Atau kedua, ciptakan kesetiaan tanpa harus dipertanyakan terhadap dirinya. Dan hari ini telah dilakukan oleh kedua pihak yang ingin membawa Dek Afi kedalam pertempuran dimana ia tak seharusnya hadir, perang antar orang dewasa.

Sebagai seorang penikmat sejarah yang tekun, Abu tak sepaham dengan Dek Afi. 500 tahun azan berkumandang di kota Madrid tapi sekarang hilang, agama itu bukan warisan semata. Ia adalah jalan hidup yang harus diperjuangkan, diyakini dan dilaksanakan. Itulah yang membuat manusia berharga. Tapi itu tak serta merta bahwa Dek Afi harus dipermalukan, dan dicaci maki atas pendapatnya. Setiap impian anak remaja yang dihancurkan, dikasari itu tidak baik. Memang benar Dek Afi sudah berumur 19 tahun yang sudah aqil baliq, akan tetapi kita tidak hidup di abad pertengahan dimana di usia 16 sudah menikah, dan diumur 27 sudah memiliki 10 orang anak. Kita hidup diabad 21. Ya, abad yang lucu dimana orang-orangnya diusia 30 tahun masih gamang untuk pindah dari rumah orang tua, apalagi menikah. Orang zaman ini belum mencapai tahap kedewasaan yang sama dengan orang-orang seabad atau dua abad lalu.

Tentang literasi, ini sebenarnya sulit. Di satu sisi memang Dek Afi mengakui dia meniru. Itu salah dan memang plagiasi. Tapi sekali lagi harus diingat, apa yang dituliskan oleh Dek Afi tersebut terjadi di ranah sosial media bukan jurnal ilmiah. Di satu sisi menerapkan kaidah-kaidah ilmiah secara rigid kepada sebuah status Facebook adalah konyol. Mengapa sekejam itu? Mengapa sekaku itu? Tidak bisakah kita lebih pemaaf, lebih membuka diri. Sejatinya tulisan di media sosial, blog bahkan website tidak bisa dinilai dengan standar ilmiah. Lucu ketika setiap penulisan ilmiah menolak mengambil referensi dari media sosial akan tetapi menghukumi layaknya pembimbing kepada seorang peneliti.

Bukan rahasia bahwa (banyak) para akademisi tidak menyenangi fenomena media sosial. Kenapa? Penelitian membutuhkan tenaga dan waktu yang panjang, standar serta birokrasi rumit dan melelahkan. Sedang media sosial dengan cepat menjadi viral, dan seolah langsung memberikan solusi. Mungkin itu bisa jadi benar. Banyak penelitian, jurnal bahkan hak cipta malah berakhir di arsip belaka (nasib paling buruk, tong sampah) yang tak tertenggok. Ketika hasil penelitian dipublikasikan masalah (sosial) yang dihadapi sudah selesai, dunia akademisi kerap terlambat.

Dipihak lain, ada upaya membenturkan kesadaran literasi, kesadaran berketuhanan (beragama), dan kesadaran berbangsa. Mengapa justru dianggap saling menghilangkan? Pengagum Dek Afi yang seolah menujukkan kesetiaan buta itu justru berlindung di balik sosok Dek Afi. Sebuah pembenaran membabi-buta dengan menonjolkan Dek Afi sebagai korban dan memposisikan lawannya sebagai “evil” dengan asumsi memang ketiga hal tersebut tidak boleh saling melekat. Padahal tidak! Menggunakan Dek Afi sebagai senjata untuk menghantam pihak lain pun tak kalah kejam, ketika pertempuran usai yang tersisa adalah seorang remaja yang terluka jiwanya. Maka tak bisakah kita mencari jalan tengah?

Bagi Abu pribadi pesannya jelas, “Perbaiki kesadaran literasi!” Tak ada sepakat boleh saja, tapi jika boleh seorang mister nobody ini menyimpulkan. Segala perdebatan hanya akan berakhir sia-sia dan melahirkan manusia keras kepala, jika kita semua tidak bertekad memperbaiki diri.

Tulisan ini tidak diniatkan menyaingi jurnal dan menjadi (terlalu) ilmiah, Abu menyadari bahwa ini hanyalah sebuah pendapat yang dituliskan dengan niat tulus. Mungkin bahkan hanya dibaca belasan orang, suara kecil yang tak diniatkan untuk mengubah dunia secara seluruh. Berangkat dari kesadaran bahwa setiap orang berhak banyak-banyak membaca, karena membaca adalah jendela dunia. Dan setiap orang berhak mengikat ilmu yang dimilikinya dengan menulis.

Mungkin kejadian ini memberi banyak hikmah. Sudah saatnya para akademisi menurunkan kadar arogansi, sudah saatnya para penggiat media sosial (termasuk Abu) memperbaiki kesadaran berliterasi. Atau pada pertempuran yang berbeda, sudah saatnya menghentikan tekanan besar kepada Dek Afi sedang pihak lawannya berhenti berlindung di balik remaja itu. Biarkan Dek Afi dengan ekspresinya, bisa jadi ia menjadi kembang wangi yang mengharumi negeri ini suatu hari, mohon jangan gilas dengan pertempuran kalian. Silahkan berperang secara pemikiran secara terbuka, perwira. Lanjutkan diskusi-diskusi sarat keilmuan, tanpa kebencian. Tak selamanya lawan adalah lawan, kita adalah manusia bukan perkakas perang.

Simak juga Petualangan Abu lainnya

Posted in Asal Usil, Kisah-Kisah, Kolom, Mari Berpikir, Opini, Pengembangan diri | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 4 Comments

SAMUDERA PASAI AS THE FIRST ISLAMIC KINGDOM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Posted on 7 June 2017 by tengkuputeh
Pada tanggal 15 April 2017, tim tengkuputeh.com berziarah ke makam Sultan Malikussaleh sebuah napak tilas sejarah. Sebuah perjalanan yang pernah di lakukan oleh Marco Polo (1292 M) dan ibnu Bathutah (1346 M).

We made a pilgrimage to the tomb of Sultan Malikussaleh, repeating the journey that Marco Polo (1292 AD) and Ibn Bathutah (1346 AD) had made.

SAMUDERA PASAI AS THE FIRST ISLAMIC KINGDOM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Determination of Barus as the starting point of Islam in Indonesia by the President of the Republic of Indonesia Joko Widodo has spawned a scholarly debate. Especially if the used is a historical approach, namely the knowledge of past reconstruction that adheres to the objectification and scientific facts. According to the British historian RG Collingwood, historical facts will never come to us in a pure way. He always has a bias in his recorders, including the efforts of historians to write them down.

Historical world is very lucky with the existence of inscriptions on the tomb of Sultan Malikkussaleh and genealogy. Because of the writings listed, it can be known how long the age of Islam has entered into Southeast Asia. There is a theory that the kingdom Peureulak 1075 M and Lamuri 1205 first existed before Samudera Pasai 1213-1260 M1. But no scientific study proves.

The name Malikussaleh is immortalized as the name of Malikussaleh University in Lhokseumawe City. Having the motto “Seeking Truth For Competitive Piety”

From the side of historical reconstruction, the mainstream of Islamic history in Southeast Asia mentions Samudera Pasai as the first Islamic sultanate. This kingdom is a combination of two Hindu kingdoms, namely Samudera and Pasai, with the king Meurah Silue2 who later titled Sultan Malikussaleh.

Inauguration Pasai as the first Malay Islamic civilization in the archipelago also occurred in two national seminar momentum, which is 17-20 March 1963 in Medan and 10-16 July in Banda Aceh. In fact, in the seminar found also postulates about the traces of Pasai Kingdom since the 11th century.

One of the oldest documents about the existence of Pasai Kingdom is called Imago Mundi, written by Venetian adventurer Marco Polo. He still had time to meet with Sultan Malikussaleh (1292). Ethnographic testimony of Marco Polo on Pasai and seven other kingdoms in Sumatra (only 6 kingdoms that had been visited by him). Perlak is the first place he explores. In addition to Pasai and Perlak are Muslim, other kingdoms are said to still adhere to pagan religion and Cannibal traditions3.

An Arab traveler, Ibn Bathutah visited Pasai in 1346 AD In his book Rihlah. He tells about Sultan Malikul Thahir, the eldest son of Sultan Malikussaleh, he is a generous, just and fond king who travels around the country to spread Islam. Therefore when he died by his people held “Malikul Adil4“.

Some archaeological evidence is like to “disturb” Pasai’s validity efforts as the oldest Islamic empire in Southeast Asia. There has been an attempt to make Perlak the first Islamic empire by using pseudo-facts, the 840 M. dubbed grave. Similarly advancing Barus as the oldest Islamic kingdom in the archipelago with the proposition that Muslim traders have entered this area since the first century Hijrah or the 7th century AD 625-642 AD), but it does not have a strong current of history.

Still, in the city of Lhokseumawe, the name Malikussaleh is also attributed to STAIN Malikussaleh

The Pasai Kingdom is known to have a relatively modern government, the use of the first gold currency in the Islamic empire of Southeast Asia, military power, as well as international trade5 and political relations.

The affirmation of orbits besides Pasai as the first center of Islamic civilization in Southeast Asia (especially Indonesia) is done not with the historical, but ethnographic, historical approach of speech. The people there (Perlak and Barus) believe that their area is the starting point of Islam, not Pasai.

Actually, the use of the history of speech to reveal the truth of the past is valid, but when there is no other attempt to dismantle the building of the historical bourgeoisie.6 Keep in mind, the determination of Pasai’s history does not occur in political space, but scientific proof. Colonial-era anthropologists such as Snouck Hurgronje and Jean-Pierre Marquette’s histories, also show evidence of the existence of the Pasai Kingdom before the conquest of the Aceh Kingdom in 1524.

Drowning of Pasai history, and the appearance of Barus history

Barus is a city with an important history in the archipelago. The town of Barus has been known in the Far East, Europe, and North Africa centuries before Christ as well as an important crossing of camphor, incense, sandalwood, and gold. The metropolis of Sumatera reached its peak in the 10th century, then continued to decline into just a shabby and deserted sub-district town.

However, the first archaeological evidence of Barus does not refer to Islamic treasures. Long before Islam, Barus was known as the origin of Batak Toba. In the 11th century, based on epigraphy and archaeological research, revealed the facts of Tamil Hindu-language7 tombs in this area. The tombs of clerics in a 13th-century hanging board took place in another phase when Barus had deserted as a world trade city.

Since the Pasai Kingdom weakened and dimmed at the end of the 15th century, the axis of Malay civilization and literature finally moved to the West-South coast, namely Barus and Singkil. In this area, two things developed together, namely the philosophy of Islam Sufism and Malay literature.

The main character of Malay history from Barus is Hamzah Fansuri who is thought to have been born in the 1570s and died in the 1630s. Fansur itself means “camphor”. Formerly Barus region entered the territory of the Kingdom of Aceh. Another great thinker who was born 120 kilometers from Barus (Singkil) was Shaykh Abdur Rauf as-Singkili (1615-1693).

In contrast to the development of Islam in the region of Pasai which is characterized by fiqh Mahzab Syafii. Barus and Singkil became a place for the advent of the idea of Sufism. Sufism became the catalyst for the development of tolerant, inclusive, and progressive Islam. The development of the tradition of dhikr and suluk in the archipelago is strongly influenced by the Sufism of Barus and Singkil.

However, there is still a connection between Pasai and Barus. The works of Sufism, such as Syarap al-‘Asyikin, Mir’atul Thulab, Tarjuman Mustafid, or Umdat al-Muhatajin Suluk Maslak al-Mufridin are written in Malay and Arabic script which is synonymous with Pasai.

The idea of Islamic development of Southeast Asia cannot be separated from Pasai Malay literature in the 13th century until the 14th century. This is the second development after Buddhist Malay literature in the kingdom of Srivijaya in the 7th to 13th centuries8.

Genealogically, Islam in Indonesia or even Southeast Asia should not forget Pasai as the first point of Islamic-Malay civilization, not merely a replication of Indian or Arab, or Chinese traders or travelers. But it is called the new Sufism Islam if Barus (without discouraging Singkil) is said to be the starting point of civilization.

Translate from SAMUDERA PASAI SEBAGAI TITIK TOLAK ISLAM DI ASIA TENGGARA, SEBUAH UPAYA MELAWAN PSEUDO SEJARAH

X

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1H.M.Zainuddin; Tarich Atjeh dan Nusantara; 1961; 160

2Muhammad Said; 1981; Anthony Reid (ed), 1995; Robert Pringle, 2010

3H.M.Zainuddin; Tarich Atjeh dan Nusantara; 1961; 327

4Reid, Sumatera Tempo Doeloe, 2010; 8-10

5Teuku Ibrahim Alfian, Wajah Aceh Dalam Lintasan Sejarah, 1999; 3-4

6Paul Thompson, Oral History: Voice of the Past, 2000:28

7Claude Guillot, 2002

8Abdul Hadi WM Dalam Sardono, 2005

X

About Aceh:

  1. CUMBOK WAR, A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IN ACEH (1946-1947); 8 April 2017;
  2. CIVILIZATION WITHOUT WRITING; 13 April 2017;
  3. ACEH THE FIRST SOVEREIGN COUNTRY TO RECOGNIZING THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE NETHERLANDS; 27 April 2017;
  4. VISITING THE EXHIBITION ACEH TOMBSTONE AS AN ISLAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA; 16 May 2017;
  5. DUTCH RAID OPERATION AGAINST CUT MEUTIA (1910); 20 May 2017;
  6. ISLAMIC SHARIAH WHO IS AFRAID, A CASE STUDY IN ACEH; 13 June 2017;
  7. ACEH WOMEN FULL POWER; 13 June 2017;
  8. DUSK IN MALACCA; 4 July 2017;
  9. GOLD, INFIDELS, AND DEATH; 10 July 2017;
  10. MANTE THE LOST PYGMY TRIBE; 13 July 2017;
  11. HOW TO TELL HISTORY; 14 August 2017;
  12. THE ORIGIN OF THE COFFEE CULTURE IN ACEH; 19 August 2017;
  13. THE UNTOLD STORY ABOUT HISTORY OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDONESIA IN ACEH PROVINCE; 28 September 2017;
  14. WHEN CRITICISM IS FORBIDDEN; 14 October 2017;
  15. EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES, WHAT IS IT GOOD FOR ACEH; 5 November 2017;
  16. PEUCUT KHERKOFF, ACEH-DUTCH WAR MONUMENT; 12 November 2017;
  17. THE PRICE OF FREEDOM; 5 December 2017;
  18. ACEH CRAZY OR ACEH PUNGO; 25 February 2018;
  19. MARSOSE CORPS, THE DUTCH SPECIAL ARMY DURING ACEH WAR; 19 March 2018;
  20. ISLAMIC POLITICS BY SNOUCK HURGRONJE AS ADVICE TO DUTCH INDIES GOVERNMENT TO REDUCE ISLAM POWER IN INDONESIA; 9 July 2018;

 

Posted in History, International, Literature, Opinion, Review, Story | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 34 Comments

HOW TO PREVENT HOAX, A SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Posted on 6 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

The Orangutan Head Ring is generally larger than most humans? Is that why they never spread the hoax?

HOW TO PREVENT HOAX, A SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Introduction 

People say a person’s head shape has an effect on intelligence. Is that true? Many think that having a big head has a smart brain, and a small head has a brain that is less intelligent. Large heads have a large capacity for brain storage, whereas small brains have little capacity to place the brain. When the brain has a lot of space then its workability will increase and more easily digest the information gained. Is it true?

Indeed, the brain is just a tool, just like a pencil. Yes, a pencil can be anything, it can be a tool for extension of kindness. But it can also be a propaganda tool, or even kill. It all depends on the user. There are more than 32 ways of killing using a pencil. In the first place is not to stab the opponent in the eyes, ears or rectum. But slander.

A pencil can also write down the goodness behind it is a lie. Something fake is heightened. Of course, there is a reason why someone / a group defends robbery. The twisting of facts needs integrity, to refuse to acknowledge them.

The game of opinion is commonplace, just as we all (football/soccer lovers) accept the fact that offside is an exact science. While offense and penalties are interpretations. Not everyone agrees. But people can be “directed” to agree or not.

Formulation of The Problem

Ever in this day and age, we hope the Internet will bring enlightenment. Information is increasingly difficult to monopolize. The closure will leak. The dialog will be fun. The false one is that the frenzied social media is now finally merely bringing together mutually supportive opinions. What is false is that in massive information is now easily confused and anxiously clinging to the ready: dogmas, sedentary prejudices, and modern superstitions, the “theory” of the plot behind all events.

Now lies and manipulations are done without it. The new factor in political communication is full of lies now is speed. Technology, with the Internet, makes information and disinformation collide directly, in almost countless numbers, reaching listeners and readers in almost unlimited space and time. How to argue? How to verify?

No more Judges and Jurors who decide with authority what is true and which are not, which are facts and which are fantasy. The media, the science community, the judiciary: all share authority, all worthy of being suspected of being involved in today’s vast lies orchestration.

Ironically, in droves people become mouthpieces of lies, the spreaders of this lie, unfortunately, are those who are educated. Without thinking, immediately share. There are many other cases, they share with pride. By the knowing, they are laughed at, degraded. But they do not care, feel there in the path of truth.

Motivation

The human brain, functionally as simple as a pencil. The simplest tool, perhaps a little grandiose when we expect the brain to give birth to something big. But there is no harm in trying, maybe beyond our expectations, maybe the brain can find ways that can reduce defamation.

Read. see and feel it. Fill your logic as best you can.

Literature Review

In his book, Alam Pikiran Yunani. Dr. Mohammad Hatta said about the flow of Sofism. Sophism comes from the word “Sophos” which means clever. Initially, the title of Sofis is addressed to all intelligent people as linguists, philosophers, political experts and others. The person is because his knowledge and wisdom are dubbed Sofis. But over time the word changed its meaning. Sophist is a title for every person who is good at twisting tongue, clever play and glee with words.

In general, philosophy directs the discussion and scientific investigation to the universe or the cosmos, with the birth of the flow of sofism philosophy, diverted its direction to the human nature, to the will, to the ideals, to the feelings, and to the knowledge that should be owned by each human being. Thus, in the world of philosophy was born a stream about ethic decency.

Mohammad Hatta critically criticizes the flow of sofism, indeed the Sophists always question the attitude of life but they are not able to establish the basis of what should be the handle of life. They can not find a common ground that should apply to everyone because each teacher of sophistry teaches its own size or norm. Each expressed his own notion by not wanting to weigh other people’s understanding. Unless you do not want to argue. The idea itself is not fixed, changing from time to time. Nothing remains, they say, everything is always in change. Therefore, the attitude of human beings also needs to be changeable. With such stance, each change of mind about things can be maintained by saying that things have changed. Everything changes, and we follow.

The Sophists are not the same as they stand on something. They are only alone in negating, in a negative stance. The point of his teaching is that “the real truth is not achieved”. Each of Sophist’s teachers poses this as the point of view. Since truths are not actually attained, any establishment can be right and wrong in the eyes of men. Every guru Sofis teaches people to be cynical about other people’s thoughts. On the contrary, he teaches people to defend each and every stance. What was retained yesterday, can now be canceled? The truth is temporary. Because “the truth is not actually achieved”, then every establishment may be justified. For a while he was right. Therefore there is no fixed measure of right and wrong, about good and bad. As a continuation of this opinion, there is a difference between right and wrong, between good and evil.

The Athenian youth of this period were led by the doctrine of relativism of the sophists. So came Socrates. An absolute moralist and believes that upholding morals is a philosopher’s job, based on rational ideas and expertise in knowledge.

Socrates embarked on his philosophy on the basis of everyday experience, but there is a very important distinction between Sophists and Socrates. Socrates does not approve of sophistic relativism.

In the opinion of Socrates, there is an objective truth that does not depend on ourselves to prove the existence of objective truths, Socrates uses certain methods. The method is practical and run through conversations and analyzing opinions. For Socrates, the political principle also based on the ethics that he concluded the policy was knowledge.

Regarding his other contributions, Socrates taught that there are unchanging and universal principles of morality contained in diverse laws and traditions in different parts of the world. He asserts that the norms of truth are free of and essential to individual opinion. When the Sophists state that the law is nothing but a convention that arises for the benefit and is right. When the Sophists state that the law is nothing but the convention that arises for the sake of the benefit and that the truth is what the individual deems true. Socrates replies that there is natural superhuman kingdom which rules are binding on all people. Socrates bases upon the law on reason, this conception formally becoming part of philosophical thought.

Socrates’s political doctrine that “policy is knowledge” is the basis for his political thinking about the State. This is one of the political views of Socrates and the recent very important and influences the political views of his student, Plato. Although Socrates did not write a lot about relating to political views, we can get the information from the student and opponent of discussions.

We know that in this story Socrates is the mediocre (forced to drink poison), while the Sophists (who charge a fee) are the winners. History stops, and opinions can be formed, then. However, history proves that Socrates was right, that a fragile pencil remained a torch even though the ancient Greek civilization was long over. Question why? Perhaps because Socrates voiced the voice of truth, which although lost but not in vain. He, Socrates can not be bought.

In modern times, the biggest hoax news place is on Facebook. Not only in Indonesia, in other countries, as well as the United States and Britain. Even in Britain, Facebook has to remove ten thousands of accounts because it is suspected of being involved in the Hoax news spread campaign (Tuesday, May 9, 2017). According to the release issued, Facebook did not stay silent to see the rampant circulation of false news. This social media giant also took a firm step. Learning from experience, the emergence of referendum “British Exit” is said to be free from the false news that time.

Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook, has even announced that its services recruit at least 3 thousand people who will be specially assigned to handle the “dark side” of his platform.

Is manufacturing hoax news created by fools? Of course, not all of these are created and managed by geniuses but are spread by those trapped in ignorance. The hoax is developed and distributed to achieve the power of Force Power (Power) with which it is associated with reaching for Man Power, Media Handling and of course Money.

In general Force Power (Power) is the sum of Man Power + Media Handling + Money (Money Ability). To simplify we compile a simple formula: FP = MP + MH + M

Any addition of the independent variable (MM, MH, M) will amplify the dependent variable (FP). Judging from the independent variables again then, the more to the left is the stronger. For example, Muhammadiyah and Nahdatul Ulama are always able to survive in every development of the times. However, the right variable has more ability to pull the left variable. Money is able to build media (instantly), then influence the crowd to become his followers. Do not believe? Look at Harry Tanoe and Surya Paloh who built the party to reach the masses. A good business is not it?

It turns out that FP itself is not really a dependent variable. He is able to inject MP, MH and M. Do not believe it? Try to compare the wealth of Soeharto, Megawati, and SBY before and after coming to power, there is a massive increase in the field of M. Soekarno enjoys an increase in MP. But in the case of Gus Dur and Habibie, there is no significant increase of anything. Interesting, very interesting review.

Why interesting? Consider there is one variable that turns out to be just a catalyst that is MH. He is not a destination, but a tool. A pencil, that’s where this research will focus. “The power of a pencil” in which the intellectual battles actually took place.

A pencil is us. Throughout our lives on this earth, we all have choices. Perform a variety of ways in a mediocre way, or in the way Machiavelli taught. It’s hard to be a Machiavelli, of course, we have to be a seasoned politician. Ignore, the 99% reader option including the author is to be mediocre. Why? It is easy to let human impulses lead us. We are largely ashamed of power and power and manipulation. Be us as followers only.

do not expect us-we become martyrs like Socrates, a hero. The ugly fate of a nation that needs a hero, a great nation is moved by simple and humble people, with mediocre steps. But how? All right, according to the limited knowledge possessed trying to divide the stance of defamation.

  1. When receiving a news, check logically first. Make sure the truth, do not immediately reported. Of course what spreads something he hears is not a liar. He said the truth, saying what he was listening to. But he just became a kind of microphone, or a slanderous funnel solely. These are the people most easily used by the think-thank-hoax team;
  2. When receiving news, once confirmed the truth. Do not trigger spread, it could be a person’s disgrace. It is personal and embarrassing. You will be a spreading the truth but with the reputation of carrion eaters, spreading other people’s disgrace;
  3. The most ancient method, reputation. When receiving an opinion from two different sources make sure the reputation that gives news (if possible). Recently a friend complained that he had invested money with someone for 50 million but was not returned. Although has been 2 years. He feels sorry for ignoring the words of a reputable friend who has reminded him, rather than lazily believing the seduction of a coconut island whose reputation is not clear. Do not ignore the advice of good people.

Allah SWT through the Qur’an gives us a clear book manual, Al Hujarat: 6. O you who have believed, if there comes to you a disobedient one with information, investigate, lest you harm a people out of ignorance and become, over what you have done, regretful.

In this verse, Allah forbids his believing servants from following the rumors. Allah tells the believers to make sure the truth of the news reaches them. Not all the news that is credited is true, and not all of the spoken news is factual.

In everyday life, we often hear a rumor that is not clear its origin. Sometimes from a small event, but in his preaching, the event is so great or vice versa. Sometimes it also concerns the honor of a Muslim. In fact, not infrequently, a household becomes cracked, simply because a story is not necessarily true. How do our attitudes toward news that come from people we do not yet know their honesty?

Remember in the verse does not blame the ungodly lies, not. But more than the news delivered. That’s what’s called re-checking. Ensuring the truth itself, with what?

What exactly is the most important mental tool a person can have? What is determination? Maybe determination will prove useful in human life, but it is not. But what tools are needed to choose the best course of action under any circumstances? A common determination is shared among the fools and the slow, also among those who are bright and brilliant. So, no, a determination is not what we seek.

What is wisdom? Is not wisdom a very useful tool when someone has. Wisdom is pretty good, but it’s not. The answer is logical. Or, in other words, the ability to argue analytically. If applied correctly, logic can overcome a lack of policy, which can only be gained through age and experience.

But is not having a good heart more important than logic? Pure logic can cause me to come to a morally wrong conclusion, while if I am honest, I am certainly not taking any shameful action.

If you choose a good heart then you misunderstand the problem. What we want to know is the most useful tool a person can have, regardless of good or evil. We all agree that having good qualities is very important, but I am sure if you have to choose between giving a person noble offer or teaching to think clearly. Then you would prefer to teach him to think clearly. Too many problems in the world are caused by people who have good intentions but from the wrong mind.

History gives us dozens of examples of people believing they are right and committing terrible crimes because of it. Remember, my disciple, that no one thinks he’s a criminal, and only a few people make the decisions they think are wrong. Someone might not like his choice, but he will defend it because, even in the worst of circumstances, he believes it was the best choice available to him at the time.

If analyzed separately, being a better person is not a guarantee you will act well, which returns us to the protection we have against the swindlers, cunning plots and even the madness of the crowd, and our guide leads a life of uncertain, clear and reasoned thoughts. Logic never disappoints you, unless you do not realize, or deliberately ignore the consequences of your actions.

But is not it when everyone is logical, then all human beings will surely agree on the action to be taken? That’s rare, why? Like every group of people, we follow many different rules and, as a result, we often reach conflicting conclusions, even under the same circumstances. Conclusion, if possible add author, that makes sense from everyone’s point of view. And although the writer wants the opposite, not all the teachers train their minds correctly.

So how to learn the best logic? If many people are wrong? With the oldest and most effective method, ask. Asking here is not just for humans, but for books, nature, and observing. Observation and scientific verification. As when the early astronomists proved that the earth was round to those who believed that the earth was flat.

Conclusion

  1. Although there is no relation between brain circle and Asahlah logic under any circumstances, increase knowledge and learn history. Look, hear and feel as an experience to become a better person;
  2. Critical to the news we read. News hoaxes are usually given a classy title, in many cases, the shared news has been twisted so that the intentions are different. Remember, news stories are usually made for the personal gain of a particular person or group;
  3. Religion teaches us to be fair, even when angry. Foster the peace of the soul so as not to blend the sheep by those who want to take advantage solely.

Advice

  1. When our school is taught Newton’s law, consider the third law: For every action, there is always a great and opposite reaction, or the force of two objects at one and the other in opposite directions. In social media, the action even becomes multiplied by “excessive” reactions. Hold yourself to find the truth;
  2. Be the pencil that speaks the truth, the torch of the world. Civilized, of course, with polite at the same time Although only small candles are vulnerable in the wind. Forget for a moment FP = MP + MH + M. And be human free but responsible.

Bibliography

  1. Alam Pikiran Yunani; Mohammad Hatta; Publisher Tinta Mas Jakarta; First printing 1959.
  2. Dragon Dialog; tengkuputeh.com
  3. Para Penyebar Kebohongan; tengkuputeh.com
  4. What Would Machiavelli Do?Tujuan Menghalalkan Segala Cara; Stanley Bing; PT Gramedia Penerbit Utama Jakarta; The second print in December 2004

Translate from MENCARI JURUS PENANGKAL FITNAH, SEBUAH JURNAL ILMIAH

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HISTORY OF SUGAR

Posted on 5 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

And sugar is the only product whose production and consumption go up for 10,000 years.

HISTORY OF SUGAR

These people are only estimates. Because of sugar, Europeans are looking for colonies to grow sugar. New world exploration begins, and colonialism followed by oppression takes place.

Sugar is present in every food: soy sauce, baby food, fruit juice, ice cream, and medicines. People with diabetes do not have much choice. Sugar is considered a substance that makes people addicted. Around the 1700s the average Dutch consumption was only 2 kilograms a year. In 1750 there were 120 sugar refineries operating in Britain with only 30,000 tons per year. At this stage, the sugar is still something fancy and gives a huge advantage so that the sugar is dubbed “white gold”. This situation also applies in other Western European countries. Governments are aware of the enormous profits derived from sugar and therefore impose high taxes. As a result, sugar remains a luxury. This situation persisted until the end of the 19th century when most governments reduced or eliminated taxes and made sugar prices affordable for ordinary citizens.

The current sugar consumption per year is around 120 million tons and continues to grow at a rate of about 2 million tons per year. The EU, Brazil, and India are the three largest, and combined producers of all three account for about 40% of production annually. However, most sugar is consumed in producing countries and only about 25% is traded internationally. Sugarcane is cultivated in more than 100 countries and sugar produced from sugar cane is about 6 times larger than sugar beet.

The increase in production has lasted for 10,000 years. People suspect sugar cane was grown in Papua and in Java 8,000 years before Christ. From there Saccarum Officinarum extends to West India, only in the first century of the Romans acquainted with Indian sugar or Persian sugar through Greece.

The secret of sugarcane was finally uncovered after a massive expansion by the Arabs in the seventh century AD. When they ruled Persia in 642 they found a growing sugar cane and then learned how to make sugar. During the continuing expansion, they set up sugar processing on various other lands they controlled, including in North Africa and Spain. They make sugar cane fields in Sicily, Cyprus, Malta, Morocco, and Spain. Sugar is an expensive item paralleled with pearls and silk from China.

Sugar is widely known by Western Europeans as a result of the Crusades in the 11th century. The soldiers who came home told of the existence of this delicious “new spice”. The first sugar was known to be recorded in England in 1099. The following century was a period of a massive expansion of western European trade with the eastern world, including the import of sugar. For example, in a note in 1319 the price of sugar in London amounted to “two shillings per pound”. This value is equivalent to several months of average labor wage so it can be said that sugar is very luxurious at that time.

Rich people love making statues of sugar for decorating their tables. When Henry III of France visited Venice, a party was held in his honor by displaying plates, silver items, and linen cloths all made of sugar.

Because it is an expensive item, sugar is often regarded as a medicine. Many health guidelines from the 13th to 15th centuries recommend sugars to the disabled to strengthen their strength. Spain and Portugal make sugarcane plantations in Sao Tome, Canary Islands, and Madeira. That is for the first time in history sugar cane was planted in large quantities so that the members of the Spanish kingdom can eat sugar regularly, and can even send rough sugar to Antwerp for refinement which is now the basis of the sugar industry.

In the 15th century, European sugar refining was generally done in Venice. Venice could no longer do a monopoly when Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1498 and established trade there. Nevertheless, the discovery of the Americans has changed the consumption of sugar in the world.

Slaves Working on sugar plantations in the Caribbean

On one of his first trips, Columbus brought a sugar cane plant to be planted in the Caribbean region. A very favorable climate for the growth of sugarcane crops led to the establishment of the industry quickly. The need for great sugar for Europe caused much of the forests of the Caribbean island to be almost entirely lost to sugarcane plantations, such as in Barbados, Antigua, and half of Tobago. Sugarcane crops are cultivated in bulk. Millions of people are sent from Africa and India to work in sugar cane milling. Therefore, sugar production is closely related to the slave trade in the western world.

Marsose Forces Operation at Mukim XX (Aceh War 1873-1904) One of the longest and longest resistant resistance to Dutch colonization in Indonesia

Economically sugar is so important that all European powers are building or trying to build colonies on small Caribbean islands and battles take place to take control of the islands. Furthermore, sugar cane is cultivated in large plantations in other regions of the world (India, Indonesia, Philippines, and the Pacific region) to meet the needs of European and local markets.

“Because VOC”

Sugar is one of the commodities that trigger the Dutch colonialism in Indonesia

The Dutch, English, and French succeeded in making sugar into common goods. They expel the Spaniards and Portuguese from the colonies in Indonesia and Java sugar entered the Amsterdam market. Multinational companies such as the VOC (the first Limited Company in the world) and the East India Company of the UK consider the sugar to be profitable. They are investing in sugarcane plantations, and the result is flowing to Europe. Sugar makes the VOC a world power.

From the exclusive luxury of sugar to a status symbol. As the Kings boast of gold tools, the rich show off the sugar. Sugar becomes a beautiful work of art for gifts or exhibited at the party table. Cooking with sugar, and sugary foods are a fad for those who can afford it.

Bread and sugar tea for the poor

Britain spawned a drink that spurred the use of sugar, tea. Before tea, coffee and chocolate changed the habits of Westerners, they drank beer, wine, cognac, and jenever, sometimes sour milk and if it was forced to water.

Tea mode starts from the palace. Most people drink tea with sugar, so the use of sugar increases. English live from tea literally. The main menu of the workers and the poor is bread with sugar tea. The non-nutritious food fits poorly during the industrial revolution. All the members of the working family must work, but the results are not suitable to serve proper food. They are happy to have hot sweet bread and tea.

Beet sugar was first recognized as a source of sugar in 1747. Undoubtedly, this plant is of little interest and merely a curiosity of some European countries as national and economic interests are directed to sugarcane plantations. This situation survived until the Napoleonic wars of the early nineteenth century when Britain broke sugar imports into the European continent. In 1880 sugar beets replaced sugar cane as the main source of sugar in continental Europe. The entry of beet sugar into the UK was delayed until the First World War when Britain’s sugar import was threatened. Previously Britain imported sugar cane from its colonies in the tropics.

European goods are exchanged for human beings

The relationship of sugar and slavery is very close. Harvest and sugar cane work requires disciplined labor because sugarcane (also sugar beet) is harvested when the sugar content is highest. Transport and work should be done as soon as possible, the suspension causes the sugar levels to fall. Cutting sugar cane must be adjusted to the capacity of the factory.

A sugar factory in Indonesia while still colonized by the Dutch

Monotonous production, heavy and rushed it can only be done by slaves who work hard. When the Caribbean and South American areas are suitable for sugarcane planting, imports of labor are required. The Indians are too lazy. European products are exchanged in Africa with people exported to the new world, where they have to produce sugar sold by large profits to European powers.

Between the years 1701 and 1810 exported 252,000 slaves of sugar were to Barbados, a small island. In the same period, Jamaica imported 662,000 forced laborers. For about a century, each week sent 160 slaves sent to two relatively small islands. When slavery was forbidden (Cuban sugar slaves have released about two centuries ago), sugarcane plantations were having difficulties. They bring in contract labor from India, China, and Indonesia. As a result, the freed slave did not find work in his old profession.

The history of sugar is no less vile than most other tropical products. Strangely, sugar thirst is universal. And sugar is the only product whose production and consumption go up over the last 10,000 years.

More articles:

  1. PIRATE, REBEL OR EVIL; 4 April 2017;
  2. THE HISTORY OF INDONESIAN POETRY; 6 April 2017;
  3. CUMBOK WAR, A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IN ACEH (1946-1947); 8 April 2017;
  4. YUKIMURA SANADA, THE LAST GENERAL; 10 April 2017;
  5. CIVILIZATION WITHOUT WRITING; 13 April 2017;
  6. TOKUGAWA IEYASU, THE ASURA; 19 April 2017;
  7. BEHIND THE SCENES MACHIAVELLI WROTE THE PRINCE; 23 April 2017;
  8. ACEH THE FIRST SOVEREIGN COUNTRY TO RECOGNIZING THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE NETHERLANDS; 27 April 2017;
  9. THE NOBLE VEIL, ODA NOBUNAGA; 13 May 2017;
  10. HISTORY OF COFFEE; 18 May 2017;
  11. HISTORY OF SARONG; 20 May 2017;
  12. DUTCH RAID OPERATION AGAINST CUT MEUTIA (1910); 20 May 2017;
  13. SAMUDERA PASAI AS THE FIRST ISLAMIC KINGDOM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA; 6 June 2017;
  14. GATE WITHOUT GATE, THE MILITARY STRATEGY OF IEYASU TOKUGAWA; 10 JUNE 2017;
  15. CONQUEST OF CULTURE; 15 June 2017;
Posted in History, International, Literature, Opinion, Reportase, Review, Story | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 4 Comments

RISALAH SANG DURJANA BAGIAN DUA PULUH

Posted on 4 June 2017 by tengkuputeh

Kapal-Kapal Belanda mengepung perairan Aceh

RISALAH SANG DURJANA BAGIAN DUA PULUH

Bandar Aceh Darussalam, 1 April 1873. Komisaris Nieuenhuyzen beserta pembesar-pembesar 4 kapal telah memasang teropong, lalu mengarahkannya sepanjang tepi langit. Mereka masih menunggu tibanya armada Belanda yang telah ditunjuk untuk Perang Aceh.

5 April 1873. Kawan-kawan yang dinantikan itu akhirnya muncul, dengan jumlah kapal 17 buah banyaknya.

8 April 1873, dini hari, mereka mulai menurunkan serdadu-serdadu Ambon, Minahasa, Jawa dan Belanda. Mereka mendarat di rawa-rawa Meuraksa. Adapun pasukan Teuku Nek tidak memberikan perlawanan barang serambut. Orang-orang Aceh memang telah meramalkan bahwa Meuraksa tidak memberi perlawanan. Tapi, setelah tentara Belanda meninggalkan pantai, segerombolan orang Aceh yang berhunus kelewang menyerang, berseru-seru menyebut nama Allah. Mereka tidak memperhitungkan nyawa mereka, dan tak gentar pada lawan. Masing-masing telah siap berkalang mayat, yang harus dilangkahi Belanda jika ingin menginjak tanah Aceh. Demikian hebat penyerbuan tersebut sampai barisan Belanda hampir dapat dicerai-beraikan.

Illustrasi Pendaratan Pertama Belanda di Aceh (1873)

Sebaliknya, pihak Belanda juga tak kurang tangkas dan gagah. Mereka maju dengan gagah berani. Sekiranya mereka mundur, maka jalan lari telah menjadi laut. Sekalian kelewang dihunuskan, senapan tidak dapat dipergunakan lagi. Tidak ada jarak antara kedua pihak, pertempuran menjadi satu lawan satu. Jika tidak merubuhkan, maka rubuh. Akhirnya Belanda berhasil memukul mundur laskar Aceh, yang kemudian mencari tempat sembunyi buat memindahkan sasaran ke semak-semak.

Tentara Belanda mencoba mencari jalan ke Dalam. Mereka sama sekali tidak mengetahui dimana letak Istana Sultan Aceh. Sambil menyelidik ke kanan dan kiri. Komandan Belanda sebentar-bentar berseru : “Kiri! Kanan! Maju!”Banyak yang rubuh, yang lebih kuat bergerak kemuka dengan tak tentu haluannya. Menyeret-nyeret meriam, ada yang memikul meriam kodok, mencari jalan di rawa-rawa. Melalui hutan-hutan nipah, semak belukar, ladang-ladang, sawah-sawah dan pagar-pagar bambu duri yang melindungi kampung-kampung Aceh.

Pada akhirnya secara kebetulan saja, terhambat jalan pasukan Belanda oleh sebuah tembok batu yang tinggi dan kukuh. Tembok itu adalah Masjid Raya Baiturrahman, tapi mereka sangka pagar Istana. Belanda kesulitan memasukinya, perlawanan dari penjaganya sangat kuat. Oleh karena itu mereka menembakinya dengan senapan dan meriam, dalam waktu singkat musnahlah tempat suci itu dalam kobaran api. Tinggilah asap dan bunga api membumbung ke angkasa, seluruh tempat pada tengah hari dengan cahaya kuning, digelapkan sebentar oleh asap hitam, yang naik dan bergumpak-gumpal.

Penduduk kampung berhamburan keluar, sambil menjerit-jerit. “Masjid Raya terbakar! Masjid Raya Binasa! Tolonglah! Tolonglah!”

Syahdan, menurut cerita orang-orang tua kampung Lampisang menceritakan. Ketika kejadian itu terjadi. Cut Nyak Dien meninggalkan rumah, lalu turun ke tanah, dengan rambut tergerai-gerai, kedua tinjunya mengepal dan mengacung-acungkan. Kepada seluruh orang kampung yang datang melihat api yang bergolak dari jauh, berseru ia dengan mata terbelalak, berikut kata-katanya yang legendaris itu :

“Hai sekalian mukmin yang bernama orang Aceh! Lihatlah! Saksikan sendiri dengan matamu masjid kita dibakarnya! Mereka menantang Allah Subhana Wataala! Tempatmu beribadah dibinasakannya! Nama Allah dicemarkannya! Camkan itu! Janganlah kita melupa-lupakan budi si kafir yang serupa itu! Masih adakah orang Aceh yang suka mengampuni dosa kafir itu? Masih adakah orang Aceh yang suka menjadi budak Belanda?”

Peristiwa itu terjadi pada tanggal 14 April 1873.

Panglima besar angkatan perang Belanda, Jenderal J.H.R. Kohler tewas ditembak oleh penembak jitu Aceh pada tahun 1873

Jenderal Kohler, panglima tertinggi angkatan perang Belanda ke Aceh itu gugur. Sebutir peluru Aceh telah menamatkan nyawanya. Tentara Belanda mencoba bertahan, tapi maksud mereka tak berhasil. Karena hari itu orang-orang Aceh berjuang mati-matian. Setelah banyak tentara Belanda yang gugur, maka mereka menghindar lalu lari ke pantai. Dalam hujan lebat mereka naik ke perahu dengan tergesa-gesa, lalu kembali kepangkalannya sekalian kapal-kapal yang sedang berlabuh.

Sayangnya pelarian mereka tidak dikejar atau diganggu. Padahal saat itulah sebaik-baiknya waktu untuk menghancurkan musuh-musuh sampai ke akar-akarnya. Mungkin orang Aceh berkeyakinan bahwa Belanda telah mendapatkan pengalaman pahit dan tak akan berani menginjakkan lagi kaki ke Aceh.

Sebelum Belanda mengangkat jangkar. Seorang utusan berenang menghampiri kapal Ritsema. Ia menyerahkan sepucuk surat dari Teuku Nek. Dalam surat itu berkata ia sangat ingin bertemu Said Thahir. Pada malam itu pula Said menjumpai Teuku Nek. Dari mulut uleebalang itu Thahir mendengar, bahwa pasukan Nanta Setia telah menghukum Meuraksa. Sekalian harta Nek dirampas mereka, dan 87 rumah di mukim Meuraksa dibakar! Karena itu Teuku Nek berharap, agar Belanda jangan meninggalkan Aceh dalam sementara waktu. Dimintanya Belanda menduduki Meuraksa, guna melindungi nyawa penduduk disana.

Dalam perhitungan Belanda, situasi tersebut amat berbahaya. Jika mereka lalai, dan tidak segera meninggalkan Aceh maka keselamatan mereka terancam. Meskipun Teuku Nek berjasa kepada Belanda, permintaannya tidak dapat diperturutkan. Oleh karena itu malam itu juga ketujuh belas kapal tersebut mengangkat jangkar, lalu kembali ke Batavia. Ekspedisi Belanda ke Aceh yang pertama sekali itu telah gagal!

Sementara itu, empat hari sesudah kejadian. Teuku Ibrahim Lamnga, pulang ke rumah isterinya Cut Nyak Dhien, membawa kabar baik dari medan perang. Mendengar cerita suaminya Cut Nyak Dien menyapu dadanya dan menegadahkan tangan kearah langit, lalu berdoa dengan khidmat.

Prasasti mengenai tewasnya Jenderal Kohler dalam upaya penyerangan di Masjid Raya Baiturrahman Aceh

“Alhamdulillah! Allah telah melindungi agama kita. Allah menunjukkan adil dan Maha KuasaNya kepada tanah Aceh! Pemimpin kafir telah gugur ditangan orang Aceh! Larilah kafir-kafir itu sekarang pontang-panting meninggalkan Aceh, tanah air kita! Allahu-akbar!”

Tapi Belanda tidak akan menyerah, suatu ekspedisi yang kalah bagi mereka bukanlah kalah perang. Segera Belanda mempersiapkan ekspedisi dengan perlengkapan yang lebih baik. Mukjizat Perkebunan di Deli serta pembukaan Terusan Suez telah membuat Belanda kaya raya. Tahun itu juga Belanda akan datang kembali dengan lebih banyak pasukan dan perlengkapan serta peencanaan yang lebih baik.

(bersambung)

KATALOG RISALAH SANG DURJANA

  1. BAGIAN SATU;
  2. BAGIAN DUA;
  3. BAGIAN TIGA;
  4. BAGIAN EMPAT;
  5. BAGIAN LIMA;
  6. BAGIAN ENAM;
  7. BAGIAN TUJUH;
  8. BAGIAN DELAPAN:
  9. BAGIAN SEMBILAN;
  10. BAGIAN SEPULUH;
  11. BAGIAN SEBELAS;
  12. BAGIAN DUA BELAS;
  13. BAGIAN TIGA BELAS;
  14. BAGIAN EMPAT BELAS;
  15. BAGIAN LIMA BELAS;
  16. BAGIAN ENAM BELAS;
  17. BAGIAN TUJUH BELAS;
  18. BAGIAN DELAPAN BELAS;
  19. BAGIAN SEMBILAN BELAS;
  20. BAGIAN DUA PULUH;
  21. BAGIAN DUA PULUH SATU;
  22. BAGIAN DUA PULUH DUA;
  23. BAGIAN DUA PULUH TIGA;
  24. BAGIAN DUA PULUH EMPAT;
  25. BAGIAN DUA PULUH LIMA;
  26. BAGIAN DUA PULUH ENAM;
  27. BAGIAN DUA PULUH TUJUH;
  28. BAGIAN DUA PULUH DELAPAN;
  29. BAGIAN DUA PULUH SEMBILAN;
  30. BAGIAN TIGA PULUH;
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